https://www.drawingislamicgeometricdesigns.com/blog daily 1.0 2025-01-02 https://www.drawingislamicgeometricdesigns.com/blog/the-logic-of-pattern-where-do-they-come-from monthly 0.5 2020-06-12 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1590785627783-ECEOK0POZT5TYYNGQM4M/6-Pt-Star-Polygon-by-reflection-200518-1.gif Navigation - The Logic of Pattern: Where Do They Come From? https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1590785650295-M6S3RCT1QHVUTVJZ9Z7X/6-Pt-Star-Polygon-by-reflection-200518-1b.gif Navigation - The Logic of Pattern: Where Do They Come From? https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1590780684130-QTPKD1IRL3OXTXB611JO/8-Pt-Star-Polygon-by-reflection-200518-10.gif Navigation - The Logic of Pattern: Where Do They Come From? https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1590780631432-D7FK4MGFHW5NG5OSRPB4/8-Pt-Star-Polygon-by-reflection-200518-7.gif Navigation - The Logic of Pattern: Where Do They Come From? https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1590785897482-9TZXAJEU68KAER7DZT9W/6-Pt-Star-Polygon-by-reflection-200518-5.gif Navigation - The Logic of Pattern: Where Do They Come From? https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1590786178951-VC5G32BUAE30JNTBE2HX/12-Pt-Rosette-by-reflection-200518-1.gif Navigation - The Logic of Pattern: Where Do They Come From? https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1590780581673-BKD18GRQFFTJ5K8M04F2/8-Pt-Star-Polygon-by-reflection-200518-6.gif Navigation - The Logic of Pattern: Where Do They Come From? https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1590786233965-GYLLC0XPV5RRAGRUSVTE/12-Pt-Rosette-by-reflection-200518-2.gif Navigation - The Logic of Pattern: Where Do They Come From? https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1590780480492-XK9Q1QX3HTCFDJU5J4R8/8-Pt-Star-Polygon-by-reflection-200518-3.gif Navigation - The Logic of Pattern: Where Do They Come From? https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1590780656885-9HI7FZY8ZK10YHR6EN3Z/8-Pt-Star-Polygon-by-reflection-200518-8.gif Navigation - The Logic of Pattern: Where Do They Come From? https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1590780503614-JD1UKFEWTGLT7DQDVO8Y/8-Pt-Star-Polygon-by-reflection-200518-5.gif Navigation - The Logic of Pattern: Where Do They Come From? https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1590780457118-ARA9MSEIHV1NFPN00PFL/8-Pt-Star-Polygon-by-reflection-200518-2.gif Navigation - The Logic of Pattern: Where Do They Come From? https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1590780431126-B5H1OX86OSSELUF7IOKV/8-Pt-Star-Polygon-by-reflection-200518-1.gif Navigation - The Logic of Pattern: Where Do They Come From? https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1590780553775-QNLKJU9MGQ56PRSLYA3B/8-Pt-Star-Polygon-by-reflection-200518-4.gif Navigation - The Logic of Pattern: Where Do They Come From? https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1590785683225-9L5TL01V7NAQLNFIWM9Y/6-Pt-Star-Polygon-by-reflection-200518-2.gif Navigation - The Logic of Pattern: Where Do They Come From? https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1590785740572-DQNGM2WGXSULQ7ZWXP16/6-Pt-Star-Polygon-by-reflection-200518-3.gif Navigation - The Logic of Pattern: Where Do They Come From? https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1590785762642-ASLP3OJ5TR2YMWKIWH9M/6-Pt-Star-Polygon-by-reflection-200518-4.gif Navigation - The Logic of Pattern: Where Do They Come From? https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1590785921269-02TUXYW44LUWII0QGT0R/6-Pt-Star-Polygon-by-reflection-200518-6.gif Navigation - The Logic of Pattern: Where Do They Come From? https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1590786209185-WF2UBFE3R0L7DGNR2YFV/12-Pt-Rosette-by-reflection-200518-3.gif Navigation - The Logic of Pattern: Where Do They Come From? https://www.drawingislamicgeometricdesigns.com/blog/steel-pens-ruling-pens monthly 0.5 2025-01-02 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1591904689768-YWKFD84ZWQK01LT42JYL/Kern+Modern+Fine+repaired+3+cr.jpg Navigation - Steel Pens, Ruling Pens - After Step 1: Reshaped but hopelessly dull edges. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1592400900266-FA47XXXWA2917ECW48BJ/Broad+Pen.jpg Navigation - Steel Pens, Ruling Pens Standard pen line weights and Broad Pen line weights. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1591905409370-8XA7P0CFBZ8CWY2N2TJL/Dietzgen+Tungsten+1cr.jpg Navigation - Steel Pens, Ruling Pens - Again a warning: This is a tungsten carbide tip pen. They’re wonderful and they stay sharp forever but you cannot sharpen them without diamond laps. Handle them with care, they chip easily. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1591902091571-Z181XU4Y5TDSJ3T2ZYQV/Keuffel+and+Esser+Steel+KScharn+3.jpg Navigation - Steel Pens, Ruling Pens - From the side This is an excellent sharpening job. The last 4-5 mm of the nibs should be sharp edged but not quite sharp enough to cut the paper at the tip. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1592399830587-LHTWRNVP1KMZGRUAJGA4/Easy+Clean+pens+Cross+Hinged.png Navigation - Steel Pens, Ruling Pens Cross Hinged, Kreuzsharnier. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1591897132750-KKYNJHRP2XYUN6IAZINR/Ruling-Pens-Mahogany-Angle-DSC00431.jpg Navigation - Steel Pens, Ruling Pens About a century of pens from ~1880 to the end of production https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1591902386588-5396CTJW6BF2SWP33TFC/Scale+Bar+CM+crop.jpg Navigation - Steel Pens, Ruling Pens - What does Sharp look like? First get a good magnifier and let’s look at some pens. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1588182349356-GOTPHUNFHT8995DFEG3G/Steel-Pens-Windsor-Newton-Ultramarine-DSC00166.jpg Navigation - Steel Pens, Ruling Pens A Steel Pen in a compass, Medium: watercolor. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1592398223123-CRG80O8RQBDJ6IBSV5UL/Ruling-Pens-Odd-Cranked-DSC00238.jpg Navigation - Steel Pens, Ruling Pens https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1592350184536-EL4XMHMQGHW0A4G11PTU/Steel-Pen-Media-Gouache-Compass-20-0615-IMG_2576.gif Navigation - Steel Pens, Ruling Pens I need practice drawing with a pen, but this shows the media’s performance. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1592400251536-ZS4C7F8C1G2LM7G8EXEW/Easy+Clean+pens+Flip.png Navigation - Steel Pens, Ruling Pens Flip tabs https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1592397250064-WE7CJ4RW38QVU0I5N4BB/Ruling-Pens-Odd-Border-DSC00299.jpg Navigation - Steel Pens, Ruling Pens Border and Broad Pens https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1591905750857-ZOE3VAXS16U60KAM95HB/Steel-Pens-Windsor-Newton-Ultramarine-DSC00162.jpg Navigation - Steel Pens, Ruling Pens - Watercolor Tube watercolor is easy. The paint is thinned until it will sheet reasonably thickly on the wall of a vial. I just used water. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1591904433136-SHHAMRTXOAJS9MPLEU90/Kern+Modern+Dropped+2cr+Bot.jpg Navigation - Steel Pens, Ruling Pens - Where do you get a good pen? If you can’t buy a new one of quality, buy a used pen and fix it. This is an excellent Kern pen that was dropped. This is hopeless as it sits. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1591901403900-9WNPHWWGK7CCAIOHNU5M/Ruling-Pen-Filling--0001.jpg Navigation - Steel Pens, Ruling Pens - Filling Steel pens are never dipped to fill. Pens fill well above the tip and run the media down to the tip. The function of the steel nibs requires them to be clean and dry on the outside so that they can control the flow of ink. Luzadder, Fundamentals of Engineering Drawing, 1946 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1592349815790-HM8OODV403S6T746740F/Media-Couaceh-Candleing-IMG_2568.gif Navigation - Steel Pens, Ruling Pens - Gouache. Gouache out of the tube isn’t going to flow in anything. It “slumps” but it doesn’t “drip.” We need drip. This was thinned with 9:1 water : Acrylic Flow Improver from Winsor & Newton. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1591902931786-X7XAC3LN8WAGFECHWS74/Ruling-Pen-Jakar-eval-1805-IMG_8149-2.jpg Navigation - Steel Pens, Ruling Pens Current offerings https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1592400758457-90YAYAUX0F3EJQAMDKRY/Antique+elegance.png Navigation - Steel Pens, Ruling Pens https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1591900958535-QVP5B85WPKEK5G3AAV2B/KE-Slip-Jpint-Steel-Pen-DSC00141-copy.gif Navigation - Steel Pens, Ruling Pens - Knuckles. The joints in the legs of a compass are called knuckles, and they exist mostly for the purpose of controlling the pen geometry to give a vertical pen. The exact structure varies but they all have the same purpose. You set the pen up to your radius, and at vertical, before you “ink” it by adding a drop of ink. The set up will change for every radius. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1591900609077-58EH5A5CVV940OUART7W/Ruling-Pen-Straight-Edge.gif Navigation - Steel Pens, Ruling Pens - Meet the “Inking Edge” The pen sits vertical against the straight edge and at my comfortable angle for pull. Notice that the straight edge is undercut. When the pen is vertical the nib is very close to the straight edge. The undercut avoids the disaster of ink running back under the straight edge. (I will load a video of pens in use at the end of the post.) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1591901901670-W3ORFZY1IXI6GTM9E30N/Keuffel+and+Esser+Steel+KScharn+1cr.jpg Navigation - Steel Pens, Ruling Pens - ThePictures worth 1,000 words… This is the shape of a finely sharpened pen. Sadly, you cannot buy them like this today. The pen profile from the top should be a smooth curve and the ends of the nibs should match exactly. If anything, this one has s slightly sharper than normal curve at the tip. They do not come to a point. This is a Keuffel & Esser pen from the 1970s https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1591904775952-4N94D6LZWAWGMI0E8I0Q/Kern+Modern+Fine+repaired+2.jpg Navigation - Steel Pens, Ruling Pens - Step 2: Reshape and dome nib then bring the edges to sharp. Ink, test, and refine. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1591905969942-KHX6MA8QLDH6GJ9EFPR4/Steel-Pens-Windsor-Newton-Ultramarine-DSC00166.jpg Navigation - Steel Pens, Ruling Pens - Compass steel pen: Results in the compass were also good but this is where I would have experimented with a bit more color in the mix. The thinnest line is not quite as saturated as I would like. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1592399542957-HSSRTAYU7Q6538DEZJY1/Easy+Clean+pens.png Navigation - Steel Pens, Ruling Pens Cleaning… and Pen Design https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1591906954863-E752BXPEM30W7ZDN2VFS/Ruling+Pen+Plain+Rustoleum+4.jpeg Navigation - Steel Pens, Ruling Pens - Everything has a limit. I would have been amazed if this worked without thinning. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1592349675680-PQ6YRODVIO5QIO4Q2X2G/Media-Couaceh-Candleing-IMG_2571.gif Navigation - Steel Pens, Ruling Pens The only way to be sure of your dilution is to put a drop in the pen or the compass and strike a few arcs. You are looking for consistent starts and stops and nice color saturation. This is about right. I am striking arcs from right to left here. The nice square starts are partly due to a well sharpened pen. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1591904588995-KD8VU0TLP4YEYEJPH4G0/Kern+Modern+Fine+repaired+1+cr.jpg Navigation - Steel Pens, Ruling Pens - Step 1: Grind to even the nibs and reshape. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1591903195386-SA616QPR690JVPO1T2YT/Ruling-Pen-Jakar-Ground-Sharpened-3-DSC00227.jpg Navigation - Steel Pens, Ruling Pens Ground and sharpened. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1591899721397-5G34HMBLC07QRJMSADTE/Canted-Steel-Pen-French-Manual-of-Engineering-Drawing-1911.gif Navigation - Steel Pens, Ruling Pens - The root of much unhappiness. Pens only work when both nibs touch the paper. French, Manual of Engineering Drawing, 1911. google books. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1591905868411-CS22GWW8JKI3WSMVNXCR/Steel-Pens-Windsor-Newton-Ultramarine-DSC00161.jpg Navigation - Steel Pens, Ruling Pens - Ruling Pen: If I did this experiment again, I would start a bit thicker. The medium feeds very nicely in a pen and gives good color saturation. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1592400132777-594ID6SYBCV2VW4XNSXC/Easy+Clean+pens+Jackknife.png Navigation - Steel Pens, Ruling Pens Jack Knife Pens https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1592349418966-Z6UIN73RUPA8PEV724QY/Media-Couaceh-Candleing-IMG_2569.gif Navigation - Steel Pens, Ruling Pens - Candling. The easiest way to judge the media dilution is “Candling” by diluting in a vial and holding a light under the vial. Shake the vial and look for a thick opaque sheet. The word comes form “candling eggs”. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1591899457800-7EIJ7591W7R357PURRSC/Swiss-19th-Line-Weights-IMG_9983.jpg Navigation - Steel Pens, Ruling Pens About 100 years old, Freshly sharpened. Probably Kern, Switzerland. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1591907299992-WPMLCU57NMZG7NW41AP3/Flower-13-Alhambra-Tile-simple-IMG_2467.gif Navigation - Steel Pens, Ruling Pens https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1591902536056-TUDPJUWZMKKLUBUNBHLV/Alum+Quick+Ground+1.jpg Navigation - Steel Pens, Ruling Pens - Sadly… New Production If you are lucky, this is what a current production pen will look like. Purchased from Amazon 2019. This is a problem. If you want good results form this pen, you need to fix it. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1592349564906-U54ZJ6RT9WKRDYJSDLI3/Media-Couaceh-Candleing-IMG_2573.gif Navigation - Steel Pens, Ruling Pens - Properly thinned to my preference. The media should drain to an even, opaque, thin sheet. This should give good color saturation. https://www.drawingislamicgeometricdesigns.com/blog/city-of-apples-2pjwf monthly 0.5 2020-06-13 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1588014700008-LG4Z4P36BG4LJX8S3IWO/Easel+Compiled+Rosettes-header-190312.jpg Navigation - The Classic Rosette Rosettes. A classic design https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1592048604714-U2AMMJKNZ0WXCAHTCAPQ/OverVw-Post-10-Pt-Rosette-from-Simples-Set-2.gif Navigation - The Classic Rosette https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1592048896240-GKOWU3HD52EHIAZFFD95/OverVw-Post-10-Pt-Rosette-from-Simples-Set-3.gif Navigation - The Classic Rosette https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1592048271301-5PJ9F3ZPDNAX5KLC2P1U/Overvw-Post-10-Pt-Rosette-from-Simples-Set-1.gif Navigation - The Classic Rosette These are surprisingly simple in Definition https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1588015211184-35JCGNXPR39HIXIZDGKI/Rosette%2B12%2BPt%2BMamluk%2BPlus%2BPentagons%2BIMG_0110.jpg Navigation - The Classic Rosette https://www.drawingislamicgeometricdesigns.com/blog/my-first-apprentice monthly 0.5 2022-03-10 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/adff3f24-3da8-44e6-a2f3-67d6261e408d/DSC01798+1.JPG Navigation - My First Apprentice - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/2a1e2581-b212-4bfd-a504-a7b11cbf3645/DSC01817+14.JPG Navigation - My First Apprentice - Make it stand out 15 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/5b72c671-bd0a-4580-9ccc-4b042abce527/DSC01805+7.JPG Navigation - My First Apprentice - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1538fcd0-ce59-4a30-9de7-da9832880aa6/DSC01803+5.JPG Navigation - My First Apprentice - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/9262a91f-7428-4372-841b-c2057aa672f6/DSC01822+18.JPG Navigation - My First Apprentice - Make it stand out 18 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1b6d5f60-b055-43ed-b077-375d652dae56/DSC01843+40.JPG Navigation - My First Apprentice - Make it stand out 40a https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/dde9576b-06d7-4001-9967-215421e573dd/DSC01852+41.JPG Navigation - My First Apprentice - Make it stand out 41 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/fb5d02b8-97c8-48f5-a7d8-a357fc25ad6d/DSC01834+25.JPG Navigation - My First Apprentice - Make it stand out 25 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/29665719-8815-4664-a6c9-d42241e44647/DSC01820-16-crop.gif Navigation - My First Apprentice - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/5c3c9315-fcf8-4c30-ad13-4b384a0e8762/DSC01857+43.JPG Navigation - My First Apprentice - Make it stand out 43 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/35753d6b-5034-4f56-8e23-25eedd6b9a9f/DSC01815+12.JPG Navigation - My First Apprentice - Make it stand out 12 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/08d5d318-65e7-494c-8e43-6e05dd74ed8d/DSC01837+37.JPG Navigation - My First Apprentice - Make it stand out 37 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/169582a7-3887-4a44-bc4e-a868351511f9/DSC01812+10.JPG Navigation - My First Apprentice - Make it stand out 10 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/20ca61ea-a49b-4d1f-86ba-ec0ef926cae7/DSC01830+22.JPG Navigation - My First Apprentice - Make it stand out 22 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/82987531-a4bb-40d4-aa83-1e7c435b8e10/DSC01835+36.JPG Navigation - My First Apprentice - Make it stand out 36 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/d924ab05-e4e6-4163-9164-03e24c7085c4/DSC01825+20.JPG Navigation - My First Apprentice - Make it stand out 20 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/badd25c1-0542-4047-95f0-28b4f92a5928/DSC01828+21.JPG Navigation - 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Drawing Instruments and Getting Started - Very simple compasses can give good results I use this classic tenfold layout as a test of instruments — and whether I am in practice. This is a smaller layout drawn with a very simple but well made compass. This compass is over 100 years old and it cost me exactly $2. Accuracy is acceptable. (I draw with 4H leads for accuracy, but my layouts are hard to photograph) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1591397433350-28WRS7CH4G7EECW7VH24/KE-Green-Detailers-Set-4-Compasses-DSC00315+copy.jpg Navigation - Drawing Instruments and Getting Started https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1591397319612-2S4FEJ48F7GHJNRQDLF2/Gifted-Omniya-Abdul-Barr-35a-Keuffel-%26-Esser-Master-Detailer-Green-copy.gif Navigation - Drawing Instruments and Getting Started https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1591397383926-I3Q3BCF0S3DSBKU8UG2Z/1905-Schonner-traced-IMG_2383-crop.gif Navigation - Drawing Instruments and Getting Started The layout traced and inked. This is about as good as I can do at this scale with that layout with any instrument https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1591397345296-OXDLTF1JLQQI2LTBKLCO/Ash-Bow-IMG_2337.gif Navigation - Drawing Instruments and Getting Started The compass is a Very Old Instrument. This one is a classic 12 inch Ash bow compass. (about 1890) (How did they get that name??) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1591397402747-SXCDK6569HVRH5G8ELBL/Compass-test-Rotring-IMG_4090+copy.gif Navigation - Drawing Instruments and Getting Started - Will any Modern Compass Work? No. This is a test of a reasonable expensive “Quick Set” compass. The circle was set to 88 mm, about 3 ½ inch, radius. These two arcs were drawn without lifting or adusting the compass. I had slightly different pressure holding the compass while drawing. These should be a single arc. We have a problem here. This is going to be incredibly irritating to use. The rest of this discussion is about avoiding this issue. https://www.drawingislamicgeometricdesigns.com/blog/basic-compass-care-care-and-feeding monthly 0.5 2020-06-10 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1589400026356-NPVWY69DBQH43MCWQNPE/File-Boards-IMG_2384.gif Navigation - Your Basic Compass: Care and Feeding. - Sharpening Tools Finally, something easy to find. Carry a dedicated container for whatever you use. These make a mess. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1589454872469-QB5NLSNDVZ3XVG4748P9/Pen-Adapters-DSC00149.jpg Navigation - Your Basic Compass: Care and Feeding. - A Complex Story This needs its own post https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1591804995364-TCS7UXW5LKIX9H8NIWFI/Sharpening-Chisel-Ind-2.gif Navigation - Your Basic Compass: Care and Feeding. The solution is to change this to a chisel point. The back of the lead is flattened to meet at a nice strong point. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1591805034027-SYBUY6YTT0Z55X4LG94T/Sharpening-Chisel-Ind-4.gif Navigation - Your Basic Compass: Care and Feeding. The answer is to take off a bit of each corner to give the four sided chisel profile shown. I find that this works well for 2H to 5H lead. 3H and 4H are best. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1591805051062-NYI8SGEVD6CBLGEVKIYE/image-asset.gif Navigation - Your Basic Compass: Care and Feeding. Getting to a good strong point that will last for a reasonable amount of time takes about 30 seconds. Practice Practice. The smaller the compass, the narrower the final chisel point is made. The tools are in the next picture. A common Swiss file is nicest, but most professionals just use fingernail files. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1589395962677-UFDU0NXNM5H9N43T4XWG/Needle-Shouldered-K-E-Alvin.gif Navigation - Your Basic Compass: Care and Feeding. - Shouldered Needles; Finding Center Measuring from a center means locating that center very precisely. That is the job of the steel point of the compass. It should be good quality and sharp. If it is painful when pressed against the back of your thumb, but doesn’t draw blood, it is just about right. Alvin 2mm Shouldered center and Keuffel & Esser 1.5 mm Shouldered double end compass center https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1591805011938-7RF9BUNPRUSJ81IMDAJP/Sharpening-Chisel-Ind-3.gif Navigation - Your Basic Compass: Care and Feeding. This also tends to chip at the corners and is sharp enough to cause problems with 3H or harder lead. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1591804975369-DS6DEF1KALBDCWOX65AN/Sharpening-Chisel-Ind-1.gif Navigation - Your Basic Compass: Care and Feeding. Compass leads sold as replacements have the profile in the 1st picture. This will work for about 10 seconds. This tends to chip and it dulls very quickly. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1589400490413-QO0GPERHWXMC5JY31ZQ0/Compass-Points-Detailer-2.gif Navigation - Your Basic Compass: Care and Feeding. - Constant Line Weight Point This is shaped with the same files in the obvious way. The desired width is left to run across the full width of the 2mm point. As for the chisel, take the sharp edge off the corners. The result is long lasting and gives nice line quality. 0.3mm Shown https://www.drawingislamicgeometricdesigns.com/blog/basic-geometric-operations-line-bisector monthly 0.5 2022-03-10 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1589572690389-VBJLCRHE527YV2U5VK85/1905-Schoenner-Layout-Inked-Final-Close-Up.gif Navigation - Basic Operations With the Compass; 1 The Bisector - When the layout is complete, the errors show up. This came out reasonably well for a small layout. Still- two divisions do not cross as accurately as they should at the center. If you look around the pattern, some places where three lines should cross, they are not quite exact. Most of these errors are from imperfect location of the steel point on intersections. I am sure that I have never drawn a perfect pattern, even to a reasonable approximation. Somebody always gets out of place. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1590009162310-7C457EB6Q04VTH1NT59F/Bisector-Steps-Ink-Layout-200520.gif Navigation - Basic Operations With the Compass; 1 The Bisector - A Normal Size Layout This 75 mm (3 inch) layout was drawn with a 6 inch compass. Accuracy is good, and I know this since I set [A] and [B] with the compass. The compass point was set on the line and two marks set out [A] and [B]. The compass center mark is still visible on the line and the constructed bisector [CD] runs through the center mark as it should. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1590003693845-LXTHMMRDKQ1E3HA8FRZ2/Bisector-Marking-Intersect-IMG_2419.gif Navigation - Basic Operations With the Compass; 1 The Bisector - The point is used vertical. With the point straight up it is easy to look down one line, then the other to see that you are exactly on the intersection. I’m old, I need a magnifier for this step. A light push makes a mark exactly at the intersection. The mark only needs to be deep enough to feel with the compass needle. It is not necessary to make a hole. This is why it’s important that your marking instrument is at least as fine as, or finer than your compass needle. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1589572275297-SRXM3VL6KBDOPRFVRPV7/1905-Schoenner-10-Divisions-Overlap-2.gif Navigation - Basic Operations With the Compass; 1 The Bisector - Every Step is Important Complex pattern constructions can involve many, many individual steps. Each time you set your compass point, and each time you set a radius is important. This is a tenfold division of a circle. The two arcs at the pencil point should overlap exactly. The reason I have a picture of this is- they almost never do. Aim for perfection https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1591732966259-FOJKROJ3NRKV19YE8ZWW/Compass-swing-IMG_2524.gif Navigation - Basic Operations With the Compass; 1 The Bisector Step One. Proper use of the Compass. What does a Compass do- and how does it do it? https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1589910410648-4BWWYGKZKU8ZIMRV45ZJ/Protracting-Pin-IMG_2411.gif Navigation - Basic Operations With the Compass; 1 The Bisector - A Protracting Pin with Magnifier The traditional tool, the fancy solution, is the “protracting pin”. It uses a needle sharp point, like dividers, and a magnifier for accuracy. These were used for accurate work in locating centers as well as piercing though paper to a second sheet below for copying. As for most professional instruments, this will need to be found on the used market. They are no longer sold new. Another alternative is in the center; a pin vise. These can also found with magnifiers for precision work. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1590004304582-XFLRJSNK5O7GMWZ9V1WK/Bisector-Complete-Compass-IMG_2427.gif Navigation - Basic Operations With the Compass; 1 The Bisector - Dividing the line Segment from A to B in two Equal Parts We use two arcs. I am using ink here to photograph real world results. This compass is set up correctly. At this radius, the steel point will be very close to vertical. The knuckle on the other leg is set so that the steel pen is vertical. The pen is properly inked. Step by step; https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1589573311536-HA7YW7APHD7EFP4HSO4P/Rosette-10-pt-Parallel-Color-IMG_0189.gif Navigation - Basic Operations With the Compass; 1 The Bisector - Step One: Getting the compass point exactly where you want it. The steel point of the compass is move 27 times to create the layout for this classic rosette. 15 Moves are required for the best 20 fold divided layout. Some are returning to previous centers, which is easier. Most are not. 20 More are used to define the pattern. (Some are optional) Each one needs to be accurate to get a nice symmetry pattern. (This is a practice drawing on an easel. Not great work.) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1590090107070-VV1O2L5DF2QHG5GP91TI/Bisector-Step-5.gif Navigation - Basic Operations With the Compass; 1 The Bisector - Tidiness If you are really good at seeing where the arcs will sit at the midpoint, you only need to draw very small arcs to locate [C] and [D]. If you only want the midpoint [o], you do not need to draw the line [CD]. As a usual working practice, it is best to draw only what you need. These layouts will get very crowded. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1588188930207-IH1AD2HURGLWXZDRJJZW/Book+THumb+Drawing+Geometry.jpg Navigation - Basic Operations With the Compass; 1 The Bisector - Also Available through amazon This book is less focused on geometric rigor and the art of Euclid’s compass. Some interesting approximations are also included. It covers almost all of the constructions which will be used on these posts. It will have most of the constructions used by the Prince’s Foundation: School of Traditional Arts. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1590088748846-WO4WRM4PGMXEVGAYLFFE/Bisector-Step-1.gif Navigation - Basic Operations With the Compass; 1 The Bisector - Step 1 A “bisection or bisector” is just the operation or line that divides some other line, or angle, or some other objects into two equal parts. This is the most basic compass construction. First Step-Lines. Defining our line. We have two points [A] and [B]. They are usually already defined by some layout operation in our pattern. For that line from [A] to [B], How do we find the exact middle point, [o]? https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1589910081687-5YYZHJTR5LO4D3GPGBFY/Protracting-Pin-Lead-Holder-ClUp-IMG_2412.gif Navigation - Basic Operations With the Compass; 1 The Bisector - The Easy Way The simplest tool to make centering easier is to just put a sharp compass center in a 2mm lead holder. Many people already have one. You now have a tool which is natural to hold and can be used vertical to mark your new compass centers lightly at the intersections. Centering the point vertically over the intersection gives a good view of the point and makes locating easier. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1588188538474-355PM7S9EXJLWE7RUHNH/Ruler+and+Compass+Sutton.jpg Navigation - Basic Operations With the Compass; 1 The Bisector - The Basics You Need They are all here in two well written books. You will not use everything in these introductions to compass geometry, but everything you will use is here. I do not need to repeat all of these. I will only show the operations in detail as they appear in the flow of the discussions. Available through amazon https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1590089861510-DGBUPECDM8UQKT7GRCTW/Bisector-Step-4.gif Navigation - Basic Operations With the Compass; 1 The Bisector - Step 3 The same radius is used to draw an arc from [A] to cross the arc from [B]. Where these two arcs cross we get two new points, [C] and [D]. We know that [C] amd [D] are the same distance from both [A] and [B]. We draw a line connecting [C] and [D] and A useful fact for us is that every point on [CD] is equal distance from [A] and [B]. The line [CD] passes exactly through the middle of line [AB] We have our bisector line and our midpoint, [o]. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1590089564745-SC7FO6DJ366QTW90TBVZ/Bisector-Step-3.gif Navigation - Basic Operations With the Compass; 1 The Bisector - Step 2 This is a compass operation so [A] and [B] are marked with the protracting pin. I make this standard practice for all points I use as a compass center on a layout. The next step requires an arc that extends past the center of the line. This statement makes people crazy, but we can use any radius, X, to draw an arc from [B] past the middle of the line [AB]. We are still guessing where the middle will be. The choice of radius depends on; how much room you have on your paper, how much other layout is in the way, and how big (or small) your compass is. In the real world, the biggest practical radius X is best. A minimum of ¾ of the distance from [A] to [B] is a good rule. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1590089034030-HJWHE7ITLZCAE7J1O0VH/Bisector-Step-2.gif Navigation - Basic Operations With the Compass; 1 The Bisector - A Bonus Feature In showing this operation, finding the center of a line, we will get two bonus results. Any method we use will result in the new line [CD] It is called— the Bisector. This has a couple of useful features. All points on the line are equal distant from [A] and [B]. All four angles at the point [o] are 90°. The operation of defining the midpoint also creates a Perpendicular Bisector. The definition is exactly the same one we need to find the line exactly dividing an angle. A small modification will give us an Angle Bisector. These features are very useful in layout. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1590009668126-TF4598ME92FEMR8857CF/Bisector-Steps-ClUp-IMG_2426.gif Navigation - Basic Operations With the Compass; 1 The Bisector - Satisfactory Results. It’s time to move on. https://www.drawingislamicgeometricdesigns.com/blog/basic-operations-with-the-compass-2-angle-bisectors monthly 0.5 2022-03-09 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1590348517161-FEK8BN69F92SQQ1G7PSL/Bisector-Angle-Real-0-12-Mamluk-Pattern.gif Navigation - Basic Operations With the Compass; 2 Angle Bisectors - The Real World Example Working in a crowded layout. This will follow exactly the sequence described above. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1590348869769-KNAX8N6247IHOXP3FDP6/Bisector-Angle-Real-5-12-Mamluk-Back-Side-Bisector.gif Navigation - Basic Operations With the Compass; 2 Angle Bisectors - It is equally valid to extend the pattern lines defining the angle and construct the bisector on the back side of the angle. Everything else is the same. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1590229820549-N83SMS0XKN7JDO5OB6ZR/Bisector-Angle-12-Mamluk-example.gif Navigation - Basic Operations With the Compass; 2 Angle Bisectors - More Complex cases also arise Many pattern constructions require dividing an angle in a complex layout. Here we need the angle bisector [OC] to find point [G] on the corner of the rosette petal. We need an easy method that always works and doesn’t make a mess in a layout. This case is reviewed at the end of the discussion. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1590269095470-RA5MIKE9URMZOBFFDSSS/Bisector-Angle-w-CompassIMG_2459.gif Navigation - Basic Operations With the Compass; 2 Angle Bisectors - Practically: This is quite fast and usually quite accurate. Make the lengths to [A] and [B] as long as possible without overextending your angle line layouts. Using a longer radius to find [C] is a bit more accurate. It need not be the same as the radius used for [A] and [B]. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1590268990000-QGTOE8NSC24BDS5DMQ0W/Bisector-Angle-Step-2b.gif Navigation - Basic Operations With the Compass; 2 Angle Bisectors - We need to set up something we know a lot about already to solve problems like this. First: [D] is marked with the protracting pin as a compass center. Second: We can draw an arc through both legs of the angle to give new points [A] and [B]. Since this is drawn with a compass, we know that the lines [AD] and [DB] have equal length. We can put [A] and [B] any convenient place on our drawing. If the two lines forming the angle are short, they can be extended. Keep extensions short, less than 100% of the line length. Long extensions of short lines are an accuracy problem so this is the real limit on where we can put the arc from [A] to [B]. Otherwise we just put it somewhere where we have room to work. Radius X is our choice. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1590269019772-GS5CO7GLX8HGOE4WOLIM/Bisector-Angle-Step-3b.gif Navigation - Basic Operations With the Compass; 2 Angle Bisectors - We now have a triangle [ADB]. We have two new compass centers [A] and [B] to be marked with the protracting pin. If we bisect the line [AB] exactly, we will have bisected the angle ADB exactly. This makes sense from looking at the drawing. I will not give geometric proofs for anything but you can go look these up if you are curious. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1590348590701-WFZWB93NIGAZ95FK76LK/Bisector-Angle-Real-1-12-Mamluk-Marked.gif Navigation - Basic Operations With the Compass; 2 Angle Bisectors - We need the angle between the two red lines bisected. We will use that bisector inside the red circle for defining the taper of the rosette. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1590269044814-EKXCY3HWSE7P1KYZ9Y55/Bisector-Angle-Step-4b.gif Navigation - Basic Operations With the Compass; 2 Angle Bisectors - We know that point [D] already sits on the bisector line through [AB]. Due to the way we drew this [D] is equal distant from [A] and [B] Now the bisector of the line is drawn exactly as it was in the discussion of the line bisector. I choose the radius as X here so that it looks exactly like our line bisector. You will see an example below where we can use any length for the radius of the two arcs from [A] and [B] so long as they are equal. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1590236593599-U5JXJ7QXW94C8490H82Q/Bisector-Angle-Step-6b.gif Navigation - Basic Operations With the Compass; 2 Angle Bisectors - Tidiness As for the line, only some of this needs to be marked on the drawing. Enough of each arc is drawn to define the points we need. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1590268968832-LGR6DB7W7D66AQITVA2U/Bisector-Angle-Step-1.gif Navigation - Basic Operations With the Compass; 2 Angle Bisectors - I drew a random angle. 87.259° is pretty random. We want to divide that angle into two equal angles. The red line through [D] is our goal. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1590348765396-J3MESNYZK7BV1R24DM10/Bisector-Angle-Real-4-12-Mamluk-Completed.gif Navigation - Basic Operations With the Compass; 2 Angle Bisectors The radius for the first arc through [A] and [B] was chosen to put the construction inside the pattern where I had open space. If you look back at the unmarked picture, you will see only four small marks to define [A] [B] and [C]. This construction is very tidy. If the inside of the angle is just too crowded, there is another option. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1590348710802-CLJQDOMM9RUSCV6GN5F4/Bisector-Angle-Real-3-12-Mamluk-Arc-2-3.gif Navigation - Basic Operations With the Compass; 2 Angle Bisectors Exactly as described above https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1590269064528-TAF0B40ARMSLOCJRWHVG/Bisector-Angle-Step-5b.gif Navigation - Basic Operations With the Compass; 2 Angle Bisectors - The new point [C] is marked with the protracting pin and a line is drawn from [C] to [D]. The line [AB] is bisected, and the angle ADB is bisected. The secret was creating a problem to which we already know the answer. If you master accurate practical examples of these two simple constructions, you will be able to draw almost all of the patterns discussed here. https://www.drawingislamicgeometricdesigns.com/blog/divided-circles-the-foundations-of-geometric-pattern monthly 0.5 2022-03-09 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1612982667523-XQTH24EK0QOVYLCCYGW4/Divided+Circles+Fig+7+ws.gif Navigation - Basic Operations with the Compass 3: Divided Circles. The Foundations of Geometric Pattern Fig 7 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1612990666799-MTYC9R159AJ4KVQTA6PP/Divided+Circles+Fig+21+ws.gif Navigation - Basic Operations with the Compass 3: Divided Circles. The Foundations of Geometric Pattern Fig 21 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1612982646258-7D8T3WXNB9IZ750NE7T8/Divided+Circles+Fig+6+ws.gif Navigation - Basic Operations with the Compass 3: Divided Circles. The Foundations of Geometric Pattern Fig 6 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1612985318050-CW3TTQ7GH4I4ZR7HMMIM/Divided+Circles+Fig+13+ws.gif Navigation - Basic Operations with the Compass 3: Divided Circles. The Foundations of Geometric Pattern Fig 13 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1612990769948-EK0ERRAGWQ0JMEF3X8KQ/Divided+Circles+Fig+26+ws.gif Navigation - Basic Operations with the Compass 3: Divided Circles. The Foundations of Geometric Pattern Fig 26 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1612990857754-YA3DE2K6ZM3PHLBOFWEQ/Divided+Circles+Fig+30+ws.gif Navigation - Basic Operations with the Compass 3: Divided Circles. The Foundations of Geometric Pattern Fig 30 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1612985347645-NBFBHC6MT77042WASVJO/Divided+Circles+Fig+14+Yes+ws.gif Navigation - Basic Operations with the Compass 3: Divided Circles. The Foundations of Geometric Pattern Fig 14…. Yes https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1612985368013-SZGK784J9MSDXCJZZWJH/Divided+Circles+Fig+14+No+ws.gif Navigation - Basic Operations with the Compass 3: Divided Circles. The Foundations of Geometric Pattern Fig 14…. No https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1612985484375-786EHFSHE75LXV07QC8J/Divided+Circles+Fig+19+ws.gif Navigation - Basic Operations with the Compass 3: Divided Circles. The Foundations of Geometric Pattern Fig 19 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1612985290403-VT2J1V1EV0BUUY5PHFWH/Divided+Circles+Fig+12+ws.gif Navigation - Basic Operations with the Compass 3: Divided Circles. The Foundations of Geometric Pattern Fig 12 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1612985408698-B71UR1V0PJBAG1G6JD5Z/Divided+Circles+Fig+16+ws.gif Navigation - Basic Operations with the Compass 3: Divided Circles. The Foundations of Geometric Pattern Fig 16 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1612982703884-KP95X3MTJ3FPR0E90VEN/Divided+Circles+Fig+9+ws.gif Navigation - Basic Operations with the Compass 3: Divided Circles. The Foundations of Geometric Pattern Fig 9 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1612982475353-PKMZVKPHS0DVSPC56C0K/Divided+Circles+Fig+3+ws.gif Navigation - Basic Operations with the Compass 3: Divided Circles. The Foundations of Geometric Pattern Fig 3 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1612990789527-A9L85O1FNZWYA2BXKC4L/Divided+Circles+Fig+27+ws.gif Navigation - Basic Operations with the Compass 3: Divided Circles. The Foundations of Geometric Pattern Fig 27 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1612982507773-8K1ET4UGUQO6J9B8LIDZ/Divided+Circles+Fig+4+ws.gif Navigation - Basic Operations with the Compass 3: Divided Circles. The Foundations of Geometric Pattern Fig 4 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1612982621678-7D38ISGZS4TPQROX8A1J/Divided+Circles+Fig+5+ws.gif Navigation - Basic Operations with the Compass 3: Divided Circles. The Foundations of Geometric Pattern Fig 5 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1612990898131-5UT7H7FM2AIO45MWL7OJ/Divided+Circles+Fig+32+ws.gif Navigation - Basic Operations with the Compass 3: Divided Circles. The Foundations of Geometric Pattern Fig 32 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1612990956247-WQGAB92IRS6TOVANJ0Q8/Divided+Circles+Fig+35+ws.gif Navigation - Basic Operations with the Compass 3: Divided Circles. The Foundations of Geometric Pattern Fig 35 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1612982165757-BCTM7GWXBHTCMQ3R69DV/Divided+Circles+Fig+1+ws.gif Navigation - Basic Operations with the Compass 3: Divided Circles. The Foundations of Geometric Pattern Fig 1. What lies beneath. The 20 fold division of the circle. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1612982139990-OOZ5RKDIIGZ29V97QH9N/Divided+Circles+Fig+2+ws.gif Navigation - Basic Operations with the Compass 3: Divided Circles. The Foundations of Geometric Pattern Fig 2 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1612985273261-RNT2NT7LJWO33Z1LXN3Y/Divided+Circles+Fig+11+ws.gif Navigation - Basic Operations with the Compass 3: Divided Circles. The Foundations of Geometric Pattern Fig 11 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1612982721598-OK0C04VCGM4BG6WNJDYL/Divided+Circles+Fig+10+ws.gif Navigation - Basic Operations with the Compass 3: Divided Circles. The Foundations of Geometric Pattern Fig 10 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1612990706537-8IT5A4JM9QU6W0PGR4HP/Divided+Circles+Fig+23+ws.gif Navigation - Basic Operations with the Compass 3: Divided Circles. The Foundations of Geometric Pattern Fig 23 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1612982684925-RPWUI74DBN60P30QRA0O/Divided+Circles+Fig+8+ws.gif Navigation - Basic Operations with the Compass 3: Divided Circles. The Foundations of Geometric Pattern Fig 8 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1612984729483-2Y0EYJS4H1UAFZDC28CL/Divided-20-Final.gif Navigation - Basic Operations with the Compass 3: Divided Circles. The Foundations of Geometric Pattern One possible destination- A base layout for a ten fold pattern. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1612990726503-OXBTDTVESYWLRM9LFG1A/Divided+Circles+Fig+24+ws.gif Navigation - Basic Operations with the Compass 3: Divided Circles. The Foundations of Geometric Pattern Fig 24 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1612985385029-ZVPGGL9ZSXX2PZJPU0BU/Divided+Circles+Fig+15+ws.gif Navigation - Basic Operations with the Compass 3: Divided Circles. The Foundations of Geometric Pattern Fig 15 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1612990919307-R0ZZ0QIU20C5V5GB6W2B/Divided+Circles+Fig+33+ws.gif Navigation - Basic Operations with the Compass 3: Divided Circles. The Foundations of Geometric Pattern Fig 33 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1612985431896-4BG3ZTE5MFMTBIRXC8XB/Divided+Circles+Fig+17+ws.gif Navigation - Basic Operations with the Compass 3: Divided Circles. The Foundations of Geometric Pattern Fig 17 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1612985506043-E30HBWOEUXLCK7S5P1YJ/Divided+Circles+Fig+20+ws.gif Navigation - Basic Operations with the Compass 3: Divided Circles. The Foundations of Geometric Pattern Fig 20 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1612990745738-4W0TX2CUZJMKU9XQWC6P/Divided+Circles+Fig+25+ws.gif Navigation - Basic Operations with the Compass 3: Divided Circles. The Foundations of Geometric Pattern Fig 25 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1612990837074-82X4A3AB1KRKHVO6K85Y/Divided+Circles+Fig+29+ws.gif Navigation - Basic Operations with the Compass 3: Divided Circles. The Foundations of Geometric Pattern Fig 29 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1612990881679-Z8UTNP4UVIWKDYWCYQ9B/Divided+Circles+Fig+31+ws.gif Navigation - Basic Operations with the Compass 3: Divided Circles. The Foundations of Geometric Pattern Fig 31 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1612985464279-OXNMNGZWSO8JIUU07JWD/Divided+Circles+Fig+18+ws.gif Navigation - Basic Operations with the Compass 3: Divided Circles. The Foundations of Geometric Pattern Fig 18 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1612990936701-Z4ZEYUDUB0D7G1QROVQ9/Divided+Circles+Fig+34+ws.gif Navigation - Basic Operations with the Compass 3: Divided Circles. The Foundations of Geometric Pattern Fig 34 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1612990686845-DUTYF3YSNFD5S7RZXLR7/Divided+Circles+Fig+22+ws.gif Navigation - Basic Operations with the Compass 3: Divided Circles. The Foundations of Geometric Pattern Fig 22 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1613153695383-X2HZUVVKQU56ZI57K2ZZ/Notes+COmpass.gif Navigation - Basic Operations with the Compass 3: Divided Circles. The Foundations of Geometric Pattern https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1612990813495-ERZBPQFFZ7ES0UTLVYI1/Divided+Circles+Fig+28+ws.gif Navigation - Basic Operations with the Compass 3: Divided Circles. The Foundations of Geometric Pattern Fig 28 https://www.drawingislamicgeometricdesigns.com/blog/a-compass-exercise-precision-revealed monthly 0.5 2020-05-28 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1590359936487-L705H7MV0X5RET324G4X/Flower-3-Compass-IMG_2428.gif Navigation - A Compass Exercise: Precision Revealed. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1590429757711-6R77VLF6R3YT3D082APB/Flower-13-Alhambra-Tile-simple-IMG_2467.gif Navigation - A Compass Exercise: Precision Revealed. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1590353239686-T3EAY2Y0ZMKBICOYT5XF/Flower-13-Compass-IMG_2431-Landscp.gif Navigation - A Compass Exercise: Precision Revealed. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1590429850756-Y3337YHUN89ORGIQII9M/Flower-13-Alhambra-Tile-6+star-IMG_2469.gif Navigation - A Compass Exercise: Precision Revealed. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1590360402285-S1W0445OX5A5TOVIYEGE/Flower-13-ClUp-IMG_2433.gif Navigation - A Compass Exercise: Precision Revealed. 13 Is My Unlucky Number https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1590695733062-GQAFWEZSJKEEDS6A9VYR/13-Flower-Archimedean-IMG_2510.gif Navigation - A Compass Exercise: Precision Revealed. https://www.drawingislamicgeometricdesigns.com/blog/instruments-bow-compasses monthly 0.5 2025-01-02 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1591386746883-ZYVQAS0WMMY44IXAY93M/Simple-Friction-100-Years-DSC00111.gif Navigation - Instruments: Bow Compasses The European Tradition https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1591395831410-OOGLO5S1OQK0GPJEB5T9/Staedtler-4-inch-DSC00316.gif Navigation - Instruments: Bow Compasses - Staedtler 4 Inch Bow This is actually a bit small for a 4 inch but it is still available new. You will probably need to buy a set from Japan to get this one. A plus is that it comes with the rather nice mechanical pencil leg if you really want to use a mechanical pencil in your compass. Look for one on amazon.com https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1591386464707-C76E5JFUH4KFITJV8IYG/Compass-sizes-Dietzgen.gif Navigation - Instruments: Bow Compasses A Full Set of Drafting Compasses from the 1950 60s https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1591388402937-RSF4QB72NS2ZRMBMX5D7/Extension-Staedtler-Masterbow-DSC00657.gif Navigation - Instruments: Bow Compasses A correctly set up Extension bar. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1591395723008-0D3C1SRWK3V55SX82XT5/KE-6-inch-4-inch-Landscape-DSC00117.gif Navigation - Instruments: Bow Compasses 6 and 4 Inch Keuffel & Esser (Gebrüder Haff) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1591395919024-9FH2KTO9LFR01Z5CRP5J/MasterBow-Detailer-set-6-4-DSC00208.gif Navigation - Instruments: Bow Compasses - The Mars Staedtler Masterbow Detailer’s Set These Detailer’s Cases contain exactly what I recommend here. Note that it has the preferred, easiest to use, design of extension bar which replaces the steel point. These are usually found in excellent condition for about $30. This is the currently best way to find a 4 inch compass. If you already have a 6 inch compass, this one is probably as good or better. There are usually several of these listed on ebay for $30 or less on any given day. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1591386580961-MY9JKAZ51X4DKFXHTSFT/KE-6+inch+Compass+definition+v2+copy.jpg Navigation - Instruments: Bow Compasses - What Makes the Best Compass Best? Each of the features of the modern compass has a specific purpose. 1) A stable head design. Most modern compasses have a problem here. This one is excellent. This spring head design goes with the screw adjustment. 2) Any compass is adjustable. Screw adjusted compasses are easier to learn to use and fastest. There are other options. 3) A good quality steel point and a method to keep it vertical. A vertical point improves accuracy and avoids eating a hole in your paper. 4) An exchangeable leg allows use of a steel pen, a technical pen in an adapter, or if you must a mechanical pencil. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1593359089102-W7JHPDGRH83JYIGZ1VWH/Detailer-Sets-20-06-31-doll-IMG_2594.gif Navigation - Instruments: Bow Compasses https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1591387071765-JM04KY9Y45OQFX8TFTEW/Jakar-1156-IMG_2340.gif Navigation - Instruments: Bow Compasses - Jakar 1156 This compass may no longer be available but I include it here since it may still be in the shops. This compass is shamelessly copied form the Staedtler Comfort bow series and has a number of nice features as a result. One of those is the extension bar design which I will mention below. It has change the spring head design to an inferior design, but it is not the worst I have seen. It is usable. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1591388475881-EEUYTHKKESSSPTESMR55/Extension-Staedtler-Quickset-DSC00658.gif Navigation - Instruments: Bow Compasses The Most Common, and Most Awkward Extension Design. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1591388546769-DJO3KIZRX6X7HHDYOGBF/Compass-sizes-Dietzgen.gif Navigation - Instruments: Bow Compasses Why So Many Sizes? https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1591387168812-KPRZMLOUHCRLJY63CXDW/Staedtler-555-Professional-Case+HO+DSC00184+copy.jpg Navigation - Instruments: Bow Compasses - Mars Staedtler 555 Quickset If you must, this was the best Quickset of the set I tested. It tends to be fairly expensive. The adapter on the bottom right is a ball joint adapter for a technical pen only. It cannot take a pencil The Universal adapter on the left is usable but not the best. These adapters will have their own post. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1591386883751-9BDXG2RQPXYT5T8GMVGA/Staedtler-551-Comfort-Case-HO2-DSC00135+copy.jpg Navigation - Instruments: Bow Compasses - Mars Staedtler 551 02 Comfort Bow Compass A good quality compass still in production. Why do I recommend it? - A good stable head design - Good adjustment precision - A good Needle Shoe design - A decent pen adapter - A usable Extension bar The Manufacturer’s link for this compass; Mars/Staedtler Prices about $30-40 London Graphic Center £ 38 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1591387006800-VT04MGXI5UX6OY86HYJC/ECOBRA-grosser-einsatz-teilzirkel-21959-ec3762.jpg Navigation - Instruments: Bow Compasses - ECOBRA Large Combination Bow I have not tested this compass personally. I would worry about durability due to more plastic parts compared to the Staedtler. I am never comfortable recommending an extension bar system until I have tested it. The manufacturer’s site for this compass; ECOBRA ECOBRA compasses are retailed by Alvin in some countries. Prices vary https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1591396355171-ZJ9KJ6JLODU1PM5NQ2PA/Keeper-Keuffel-%26-Esser-Master-Detailers-Trio-1912-copy.gif Navigation - Instruments: Bow Compasses https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1591386531413-MGCS9MD7IM6JQVX4TI2C/KE-6-inch-4-inch-Landscape-DSC00117.gif Navigation - Instruments: Bow Compasses https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1591386681929-5WV5NSFMSAVA2VTL4EHD/Haff+Koh+i+Noor+Shoe+IMG_7989+copy.jpg Navigation - Instruments: Bow Compasses - A Needle Shoe This solution is used in a few modern designs. It works well https://www.drawingislamicgeometricdesigns.com/blog/beam-compasses monthly 0.5 2020-06-11 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1591397796803-OVHHC1YG1JM947LPRE72/Beam-Compass-Steel-points-layout-IMG_3727-copy.gif Navigation - Beam Compasses; Large & Accurate Circles https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1591048396203-YJQFIQOBBK3I6TI7124R/KE-Dietzgen-Beam-TypesIMG_2471.gif Navigation - Beam Compasses; Large & Accurate Circles Left, Keuffel & Esser 12 inch to 36 inch. Right: ECOBRA 4 and 12 inch, next Keuffel & Esser 7 inch and extensions, Keuffel & Esser 10 inch. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1591397818426-D5DIUCPVG8KE1YYYPLNF/Beam-Easel-Rosette-12-Pt-Taper-Best-5-Star-IMG_0400.gif Navigation - Beam Compasses; Large & Accurate Circles https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1591397765908-DJ9HAKWZ62XQF3U5YV7I/Dietzgen-Beam-DSC00137-Label.gif Navigation - Beam Compasses; Large & Accurate Circles https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1591397741335-CHGHIWKTRMSVETSD0NZS/KE-Beam-and-4-DSC00122-Label-ColBal.gif Navigation - Beam Compasses; Large & Accurate Circles https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1591397712139-OR1CMBZZ5N586PU1MSQU/Dietzgen-Beam-DSC00137-copy.gif Navigation - Beam Compasses; Large & Accurate Circles https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1591397977414-RTCJFT9O3HJISDRK7OZH/Alvin-961-B.gif Navigation - Beam Compasses; Large & Accurate Circles https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1591398316961-2BLOUCY7BHL3AUFT3YFN/Haff-Stangen-Zirkel.gif Navigation - Beam Compasses; Large & Accurate Circles https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1591397682760-H755G9BS0P9ET59AQRCO/Trammel-Points-Dietzgen-DSC00186.gif Navigation - Beam Compasses; Large & Accurate Circles https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1591647655160-8SNNVFWRGYOFVA90J7OD/Veritas-Beam-Compass.gif Navigation - Beam Compasses; Large & Accurate Circles https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1591397954110-PYX6PHBPJJDRGAU44ZCN/Alvin+961+older.jpg Navigation - Beam Compasses; Large & Accurate Circles https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1591397621151-I3SMYY8AD6I6I9JSR8Q3/KE-Beam-and-4-DSC00122-copy.gif Navigation - Beam Compasses; Large & Accurate Circles https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1591397902273-7SWOY0ZMMUN7NC8RL4R9/EcoBra-Beam-IMG_2511.gif Navigation - Beam Compasses; Large & Accurate Circles https://www.drawingislamicgeometricdesigns.com/blog/quickset-compasses-wing-compasses monthly 0.5 2020-06-11 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1591460486292-XDTNCHSVN9ZXRX38MBCY/KE-Wing-Fixed-leg-DSC00210-Crop.gif Navigation - Quickset compasses; Wing Compasses. - Haff Schnellverstellzirkel, 1950s to 2019. An excellent compass design. Notice that this is a screw set wing- and therefore it requires a spring head.** When you release the quickset adjustment thumbwheel, by pulling it down to release the wing, you will find out just how much tension is exerted by this spring head design. Have a hand on both legs when you do. This is a layout compass; it has a pencil point only. This is the most stable and accurate design- with the fewest joints. ** The spring is under the fine adjust nut in the 17th century and Riefler models. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1591470181395-B83UPDQ1DSMNCYHN2ASW/Extension-Bar-Haff-Rotring-wing-DSC00662.gif Navigation - Quickset compasses; Wing Compasses. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1590528756440-NNV8DH3Y9U4M8S2RUVVE/God_the_Geometer+1220+Wikimed+CC+crop.jpg Navigation - Quickset compasses; Wing Compasses. This one even has a finger post in the modern tradition. He is using it correctly. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1590527574692-I6281Y19MJYMOFQ9HG8W/God_the_Geometer+1220+Wikimed+CC.jpg Navigation - Quickset compasses; Wing Compasses. - God The Geometer God circumscribing the firmament from the 1220s; the same design. Rough setting wing, fine setting screw knob on the leg. Austrian National Library, Public Domain https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1591468280351-POTRLHOMTCV9XZ5C1EIV/KE-Haff-Dietzgen-Wings-DSC00661.gif Navigation - Quickset compasses; Wing Compasses. Haff, By Koh-i-Noor, Haff by Keuffel & Esser, Dietzgen https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1591456790469-KN3B2Y8BOA03RZCD79F7/Dividers+Wing+1700s+Germ+NMAH-JN2012-1283.jpg Navigation - Quickset compasses; Wing Compasses. - There is nothing new here. This Wing Compass dates from the 17th century and has a design essentially identical to the Riefler. The single substantive difference is that it does not have an exchangeable marking leg. It would have been used as a steel point compass. Osnabrück © Smithsonian Institution: National Museum of American History. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1590527787390-YC8XN1ESTGEUQ5FQJ7M0/Riefler-Wing-Compass-DSC00139-Wht-Bal-copy.gif Navigation - Quickset compasses; Wing Compasses. - Riefler Quick Set Wing Compass 1970s This chromed example is from the 1970s but Riefler made this model for about 30 years. They are uncommon, but not rare. These tend to be inexpensive since people are not quite sure what they are. https://www.drawingislamicgeometricdesigns.com/blog/simple-compasses-exotic-compasses monthly 0.5 2020-06-11 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1591814573297-VE0M30AA77GE5UERMJED/10-Pt-Beam-Compass-divider-layout-10-copy.gif Navigation - Simple Compasses, Exotic Compasses If you look, all of the marks of the classic pentagon construction are there, as single pin marks. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1591880672960-4CSYKIJ4KU3OTUVOVLXS/Cased-Set-1860-DSC00222.jpg Navigation - Simple Compasses, Exotic Compasses Steel Point Plain Compasses https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1590530576351-FV6X7XFE26SG07LS00N6/image-asset.gif Navigation - Simple Compasses, Exotic Compasses - Demands of Ink Compass design was driven by the demands of the steel inking pen. It must be vertical to draw well, dictating the introduction of joints in the compass leg to adjust the pen. By the 19th century there were, as a result, two distinct instruments. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1590529695078-2YJ5YPLGDDEO8DJIDY90/KE-Divider-Spring-Plain-DSC00125-Crop.gif Navigation - Simple Compasses, Exotic Compasses https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1590530089328-9FLW6OFRRSJEMLG4UB97/Ball-Point-Compass-Layout-Overall-190906-1.gif Navigation - Simple Compasses, Exotic Compasses - A Pattern laid with “Dead Drawn” Lines Nothing was erased or removed here. Ball pointed steel points in both compass and lead holder were used to construct this pattern. The pattern is then inked as usual. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1590530148401-45M8SZ6850JF4ADZXTVB/Ball-Point-Compass-Layout-Overall-190906-2.gif Navigation - Simple Compasses, Exotic Compasses The similarity to the medieval examples is quite clear in raking light. The method is easy and accurate. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1591816282412-JOOFOVPKJTQRM8XEGKNG/KE-Proportional-dividers-DSC00223+copy.jpg Navigation - Simple Compasses, Exotic Compasses Proportional Dividers. Direct Division of Circles, 3 to 20 sides. https://www.drawingislamicgeometricdesigns.com/blog/a-short-introduction-to-the-page monthly 0.5 2020-06-17 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1588104741426-58FC6FBTICO37G91ELYS/AA-Banner-Pattern-2-Parchment-HiContr.gif Navigation - A Short Introduction to the Page - Making Complex Geometry Approachable . https://www.drawingislamicgeometricdesigns.com/blog/category/Basic+Operations monthly 0.5 https://www.drawingislamicgeometricdesigns.com/blog/category/Pattern+Top+Level+Discuss monthly 0.5 https://www.drawingislamicgeometricdesigns.com/blog/category/Featured monthly 0.5 https://www.drawingislamicgeometricdesigns.com/blog/category/Instruments+and+Use monthly 0.5 https://www.drawingislamicgeometricdesigns.com/blog/tag/Instruments monthly 0.5 https://www.drawingislamicgeometricdesigns.com/blog/tag/Drawing+Set monthly 0.5 https://www.drawingislamicgeometricdesigns.com/blog/tag/Compass monthly 0.5 https://www.drawingislamicgeometricdesigns.com/blog-2 daily 0.75 2022-03-09 https://www.drawingislamicgeometricdesigns.com/blog-2/lectures-2019-1-approaching-pattern monthly 0.5 2022-03-09 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1591796484184-H8PT7G4VYLZXLA851DY5/6-Pt-Simple-Vertex-Vertex-Sultan-Ahmet-181205-v2-Sheet7.gif Courses - Lectures 2019: 1 Approaching Pattern https://www.drawingislamicgeometricdesigns.com/blog-2/lectures-2019-2-dodecagons-and-isometrics monthly 0.5 2022-03-09 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1591797990424-XRKYBDIRN3ZG476T1D1E/6-Pt-Simples-2-12-3-Star--Dodecagons-Isometric-190104-Sheet7.gif Courses - Lectures 2019: 2 Dodecagons and Isometrics https://www.drawingislamicgeometricdesigns.com/blog-2/lectures-2019-3-turning-corners-with-grace monthly 0.5 2022-03-09 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1591799114249-G9E0D5O5OZYEQBEIV1AU/6-Pt-Simples-Corner-Turn-al-Ghuri-181228-Sheet7.gif Courses - Lectures 2019: 3 Turning Corners with Grace https://www.drawingislamicgeometricdesigns.com/blog-2/blog-post-title-one-wy5rm monthly 0.5 2022-03-09 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1591748284685-ZGMVXR2IEFUKK8I438DX/Line-1-4-17-22-10-Pt-Simple-touching-pentagons-layout-Faraj-ibn-Barquq-Quran-181208-Layout4.gif Courses - Lectures 2019: 4 A Classic 10 fold Pattern https://www.drawingislamicgeometricdesigns.com/blog-2/lectures-2019-5-a-different-angle-on-topkapi monthly 0.5 2022-03-09 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1591800111685-6APQLVY3369CA4I5A3IU/8-Pt-Simple-Isometric-Topkapi-61-190208-Sheet1.gif Courses - Lectures 2019: 5 A Different Angle on Topkapi https://www.drawingislamicgeometricdesigns.com/blog-2/lectures-2019-12-foundations monthly 0.5 2022-03-09 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1591748522534-KLZGFDGL9LROPREEXWUK/10-Pt-Rosette-from-Simples-Intro-Deck.gif Courses - Lectures 2019: 12 Foundations of the Classic Rosette https://www.drawingislamicgeometricdesigns.com/blog-2/lectures-13-best-possible-symmetries monthly 0.5 2022-03-09 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1592057538397-QMUAMEWUVH4S1FW9ZDTB/Rosette-Unifying-Struct-9-10-12-14-Best-5.gif Courses - Lectures 2019: 13 Best Possible Symmetries Controlling the 5 Stars https://www.drawingislamicgeometricdesigns.com/blog-2/lectures-14-filling-empty-spots monthly 0.5 2022-03-09 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1592060434774-4TG81OKDFDLWJVBFC8IX/14-Pt-Rosette-closest-tiling-190216-Sheet7.gif Courses - Lectures 2019: 14 Filling Empty spots Some TIling Troubles https://www.drawingislamicgeometricdesigns.com/blog-2/lectures-2019-15-combining-symmetries monthly 0.5 2022-03-09 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1592073428950-1GUZ3O8MTV2T5828SVLA/12-8-Pt-Classic-Economical-Layout-181129-AS-Sheet7.gif Courses - Lectures 2019: 15 Combining Symmetries, 12 plus 8 https://www.drawingislamicgeometricdesigns.com/blog-2/lectures-2019-16-combing-symmetries-12-plus-9 monthly 0.5 2022-03-09 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1592074449006-BCZYYMNIJOM7LJ3QDUUQ/12-9-Pt-Rosette-190501-v2-AS-Sheet2.gif Courses - Lectures 2019: 16 Combining Symmetries, 12 plus 9. https://www.drawingislamicgeometricdesigns.com/blog-2/lectures-2019-17-complex-tilings-10-fold monthly 0.5 2022-03-09 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1592076108122-XMYDIXP3GDVG3IQLV9CY/10-Pt-Mamluk-Equal-Radius-et-Phi-Ratio-4-Panels-Sheet7.gif Courses - Lectures 2019: 17 Complex Tilings, 10 Fold https://www.drawingislamicgeometricdesigns.com/blog-2/lectures-2019-18-12-fold-mamluk monthly 0.5 2022-03-09 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1592077125781-ZHYSGZTWR8GK3NTCBMJ0/12-8-Pt-Mamluk-Pentagons-Dauds-In-circle-layout-190529-Sheet7.gif Courses - Lectures 2019: 18 Mamluk 12 Fold Rosette Pattern https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1592077794928-T0ZA2EYQDL15ZJDUCWE8/Course-Drawings-2019-Rosettes-800p-IMG_1244.gif Courses - Lectures 2019: 18 Mamluk 12 Fold Rosette Pattern https://www.drawingislamicgeometricdesigns.com/blog-2/category/Course+File monthly 0.5 https://www.drawingislamicgeometricdesigns.com/blog-2/tag/Star+Polygon monthly 0.5 https://www.drawingislamicgeometricdesigns.com/blog-3 daily 0.75 2022-04-13 https://www.drawingislamicgeometricdesigns.com/blog-3/patterns-from-pentagrams monthly 0.5 2022-04-13 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/c92a32a7-37d1-4b4b-a4d5-d0a12139c18a/8+Pt+Ghurid+Fig+15+Ccr+tiled+20+1209.jpg Blog 3 - Patterns From Pentagrams - Make it stand out Tiling 2. Conventional interlace with the heavy elements found at Herat. On the right, a more typical pattern https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/5661f320-a393-49d7-b182-732915c86ddb/8+Pt+Ghurid+Portal+Herat+Margi+Lake+Painting.jpeg Blog 3 - Patterns From Pentagrams - Make it stand out A watercolor by Margi Lake of the Ghurid Portal pattern, Herat, Friday Mosque . © Margi Lake, used with permission https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/ecdfad89-038b-4117-8a7f-18129804b59e/8+Pt+Ghurid+Figure++Proportional+Pentagrams+cr.jpg Blog 3 - Patterns From Pentagrams - Make it stand out Fig 12 The proportioning of the original pentagram https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/7d9994ef-ad4c-4fe9-8f66-6ebc78786266/8+Pt+Ghurid+Fig+6+CcrH+20+1210.jpg Blog 3 - Patterns From Pentagrams - Make it stand out Fig. 6. The scaled pentagram and the basic structure of the pattern https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/d7b4be60-f75d-4cf3-9c54-a2e9df8518cf/8+Pt+Ghurid+Fig+16+cell+20+1209.jpg Blog 3 - Patterns From Pentagrams - Make it stand out Tiling 1. A unit cell of the wall pattern as constructed https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/b828c53e-a44a-43a7-8ef5-4501ca75d306/8+Pt+Ghurid+Fig+8+Ccr+20+1210.jpg Blog 3 - Patterns From Pentagrams - Make it stand out Fig. 8 Two pentagrams are required to complete each quarter pattern. The resulting pattern lines are shown at the bottom of the figure https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/8b4d6ae6-61a1-47e6-81fd-b5ac5224e99b/8+Pt+Ghurid+Fig+9+Ccr+20+1210.jpg Blog 3 - Patterns From Pentagrams - Make it stand out Fig. 9 Defining pattern lines as four point stars for layout https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/24045bd3-13bd-42e0-b7df-8d98362c5033/8+Pt+Ghurid+Fig+7+CcrH+20+1210.jpg Blog 3 - Patterns From Pentagrams - Make it stand out Fig. 7 Trimming the pentagram at the tiling edge and where it crosses the center 8 star polygon pattern lines https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/177f72a6-43ed-477f-9a2d-2bcfb2921a56/8+Pt+Ghurid+Fig+2+Ccr+20+1210.jpg Blog 3 - Patterns From Pentagrams - Make it stand out 2. The origin of the central star polygon angles https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/c8cf8955-9edf-4fb6-ab52-8b8cb2b537b9/8+Pt+Ghurid+Fig+10+Ccr+20+1210.jpg Blog 3 - Patterns From Pentagrams - Make it stand out Fig. 10 Pairs of layout lines as fourfold stars https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/7270eab5-ac2c-4c02-85ae-39f8157c91b4/8+Pt+Ghurid+Fig+5+Ccr+20+1227.jpg Blog 3 - Patterns From Pentagrams - Make it stand out Fig. 5. The pentagram layout circle is inscribed in a pentagon aligned to the tile edge as shown https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/6825701f-1014-46bc-be15-c1aacc20a06d/8+Pt+Ghurid+Fig+4+Ccr20+1210.jpg Blog 3 - Patterns From Pentagrams - Make it stand out Fig. 4. The pentagrams are centered on each vertex of the octagon. Their scaling is not obvious. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/c402a2ce-b185-43b2-9733-d6ac57da8293/Ghurid+Portal+Herat+Tobeytravels+Crop.jpg Blog 3 - Patterns From Pentagrams - Make it stand out The Ghurid Portal Herat. © tobeytravels used with permission https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/eea0831f-a98f-4aa5-8260-e8fb2fdd7eab/8+Pt+Ghurid+Fig+3+Ccr+20+1210.jpg Blog 3 - Patterns From Pentagrams - Make it stand out 3. A center star polygon with unusual angles. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/015e59d2-58e3-4042-81f9-46a191c1b53b/8+Pt+Ghurid+Fig+11+Ccr+20+1210.jpg Blog 3 - Patterns From Pentagrams - Make it stand out Fig. 11 All layout circles. This looks untidy but it is still cleaner than 8 pentagram layouts. https://www.drawingislamicgeometricdesigns.com/blog-3/layout-logic-of-zellig monthly 0.5 2022-03-09 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1592079085498-31DEW0CLD0RJOPUO03MU/8-Pt-Zellig-Discussion-Binder-171217-page-51.gif Blog 3 - Layout Logic of Zellig https://www.drawingislamicgeometricdesigns.com/minbars daily 0.75 2024-02-26 https://www.drawingislamicgeometricdesigns.com/minbars/ibn-tulun-lajins-minbar monthly 0.5 2020-08-14 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1592939100674-LEM07WDQSIC8EXAXIF3F/Ibn+Tulun+Minbar+Doors+Sailko+Wikimed+Comm+CC+BY+3.0.jpg Mamluk Minbars - Ibn Tulun; Lajin’s Minbar - The Doors Two additional major patterns appear on the doors of the minbar. These are also classic patterns which will be seen on many later Mamluk minbars. The front and rear face patterns are both 12 fold rosettes, with much more complex structures. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1592855103743-YL5Y7NJR5IM5ZFOA40XW/Minbar+Al%C3%A2+ad+din+camii+Konya+19th+century+photo.jpg Mamluk Minbars - Ibn Tulun; Lajin’s Minbar Minbar Alâ ad din camii, Konya 19th century photographer unknown https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1592854188089-78CQTWF8N9QAQBY0PRSY/8+Pt+Rosette+Nakhchivan+Persicher+Baukunst+6.gif Mamluk Minbars - Ibn Tulun; Lajin’s Minbar Denkmäler persischer Baukunst, Friederich Sarre, Plate Nr 6. See link under the bibliography tab. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1592852484418-JEP0ZYZDHF3ZFZ9MTPFM/Ibn+Tulun+Minbar+_Sailko+Wikimed+Comm+CC+BY+3.0.jpg Mamluk Minbars - Ibn Tulun; Lajin’s Minbar Sailko, Wikimedia Commons, https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1592915017379-IG9XKASVXS5S8M7XKIS3/Cairo_moschea_di_ibn_tulun_minbar_05.gif Mamluk Minbars - Ibn Tulun; Lajin’s Minbar Sailko, Wikimedia Commons https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1592915339739-PZF61A1BS8P3DEDC5302/Minbar-al-Aqsa-Amer-Colony-LibCongress-Publ-Dom-03252u-Tiling-Overlay-copy.gif Mamluk Minbars - Ibn Tulun; Lajin’s Minbar https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1592920752286-EQ0WOW3X1D7STFEG52I5/8-Pt-Rosette-Classic-Struct.gif Mamluk Minbars - Ibn Tulun; Lajin’s Minbar https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1592918602660-LR3RNS4ZCIS18CRYJD4X/8-Pt-Rosette-Nakhchivan-Persicher-Baukunst-6-Tiling-Overlay.gif Mamluk Minbars - Ibn Tulun; Lajin’s Minbar https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1592853813004-BZL4QFS117WKNC1H7CK5/Mihrab-Maqam-Ibrahim-Herzfeld-SI-edu-ASK-FS-FSA_A.6_04.GN.3298.gif Mamluk Minbars - Ibn Tulun; Lajin’s Minbar Mihrab of Maqam Ibrahim, Aleppo. Now lost. Image Ernst Herzfeld collection © SI edu ASK FS-FSA_A.6_04.GN.3298 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1592933239160-OJ68NHZMEGIKRFW1KIQG/Carving-Dtl-Minbar-Badr-al-Jamali-Hebron-Creswell-VandA-Blog-DwnLd-2015HX0070_2500.gif Mamluk Minbars - Ibn Tulun; Lajin’s Minbar The Minbar of Badr al Jamali, now at Hebron. Creswell, © Victoria and Albert Museum, London https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1592927645127-A388CTG1PQHYKFJSTE7K/Brg-48-Walnut-Panel-Sunlit-Trued-IMG_6005.gif Mamluk Minbars - Ibn Tulun; Lajin’s Minbar American Black Walnut. Alan D Adams, 2015 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1592915314177-1E4YHJ7DJEDGJANWCVMK/Minbar-Al%C3%A2-ad-din-camii-Konya-19th-ce-Tiling-Overlay.gif Mamluk Minbars - Ibn Tulun; Lajin’s Minbar https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1592933573144-S2X9J3UX90QNVASYZFDX/Carving-from-L-Art-pour-tous-page-60-4766.gif Mamluk Minbars - Ibn Tulun; Lajin’s Minbar Records of the Lajin minbar from the 19th century; L Art pour tous 1868 V7 page 193 (google books) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1593105864744-IBON7RGBPJD5TQKC0ZRT/8-Pt-Mamluk-Lajin-Overall-Tile-5.gif Mamluk Minbars - Ibn Tulun; Lajin’s Minbar The Geometric Patterns of the Husam al Din Lāğīn Minbar https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1592934127469-PCE9PCXDQ64Q9IATRLG2/Carving-Panel-Ibn-Tulin-VandA-Glog-DwnLd-2016JE2630_2500.gif Mamluk Minbars - Ibn Tulun; Lajin’s Minbar The ravages of Time. © Victoria and Albert Museum, London https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1592933265993-BTEFGZ1AA2N8Z60IA6UE/Carving-Detail-1-Minbar-Salah-ad-din-Al-Aqsa-VandA-blog-DwnLd-2015HX0057_2500.gif Mamluk Minbars - Ibn Tulun; Lajin’s Minbar The minbar of Salah ad Din al Aqsa Mosque, now lost. © Victoria and Albert Museum, London https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1592918080729-E5XA1Q0M9O2H2NMYAOTQ/Cairo_moschea_di_ibn_tulun_minbar_05-Tiling-Overlay.gif Mamluk Minbars - Ibn Tulun; Lajin’s Minbar https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1592933613575-VY4F8TJQZ4W7G02CQDTN/Carving-from-L-Art-pour-tous-page-60-477-8.gif Mamluk Minbars - Ibn Tulun; Lajin’s Minbar https://www.drawingislamicgeometricdesigns.com/minbars/ibn-tulun-drawing-lajins-minbar monthly 0.5 2020-08-14 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1593286824695-BMZ2HXQSUDY8ME4WPK5W/8-Pt-Ibn-Tulin-Lajin-20-0627-Layout-6.gif Mamluk Minbars - Ibn Tulun; Drawing Lajin’s Minbar, 1 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1593289114162-N475KITN6KQAW4H5EJFP/Square-repeat-in-minbar_Sailko-05.gif Mamluk Minbars - Ibn Tulun; Drawing Lajin’s Minbar, 1 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1593288804894-BHS8EBRJN36LN6LI4C4S/8-Pt-Ibn-Tulin-Lajin-20-0627-Layout-16.gif Mamluk Minbars - Ibn Tulun; Drawing Lajin’s Minbar, 1 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1593277605115-6KTLCM99J6UGN1SPOCEZ/8-Pt-Ibn-Tulin-Lajin-20-0627-Layout-1.gif Mamluk Minbars - Ibn Tulun; Drawing Lajin’s Minbar, 1 Almost all layouts begin with a circle on a line, and erecting a vertical bisector at the center point. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1593288651549-Y6DK0MO57P3CM0L692W9/8-Pt-Ibn-Tulin-Lajin-20-0627-Layout-9.gif Mamluk Minbars - Ibn Tulun; Drawing Lajin’s Minbar, 1 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1593281681852-EV9YP3ZOHT6SHZ61G99C/8-Pt-Ibn-Tulin-Lajin-20-0627-Layout-4.gif Mamluk Minbars - Ibn Tulun; Drawing Lajin’s Minbar, 1 Dividing layouts to create new circles is reasonably accurate down to two divisions. This single division to find new centers should be quite accurate. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1593297425051-I8PYXTQT8SWVFAG5URJZ/8-Pt-Ibn-Tulin-Lajin-20-0627-Field-Blue.gif Mamluk Minbars - Ibn Tulun; Drawing Lajin’s Minbar, 1 The Minbar of Ibn Tulun, Sultan Husam al Din Lajin al Mansuri’s Minbar, 1296 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1593276081723-PAFFO9PSMRZMTAOB3MVO/8+Pt+Rosette+Classic+Layout+al+Nuri+Mosul+1170+Herzfeld+Achaologische+Reise+Bd+1+S+230+Abb+240.png Mamluk Minbars - Ibn Tulun; Drawing Lajin’s Minbar, 1 From a contemporary monument. Archäologische Reise. Sarre und Herzfeld https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1593281632486-XW11N267UP2N061LSJTN/8-Pt-Ibn-Tulin-Lajin-20-0627-Layout-3.gif Mamluk Minbars - Ibn Tulun; Drawing Lajin’s Minbar, 1 The bold square defines the workspace for 4 rosettes. We need to place four new layout circles in the corner squares. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1593286865403-5HRT9QE33YOOD7D96QNM/image-asset.gif Mamluk Minbars - Ibn Tulun; Drawing Lajin’s Minbar, 1 It is time to put the rosettes in the new octagons. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1593297478090-QTPRY4M8Y3JNP69VYR50/8-Pt-Ibn-Tulin-Lajin-20-0627-Doors-Blue.gif Mamluk Minbars - Ibn Tulun; Drawing Lajin’s Minbar, 1 The doors of Lajin’s minbar; interior and exterior. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1593288674948-M5OPO7PF77S78MZ67DJ8/8-Pt-Ibn-Tulin-Lajin-20-0627-Layout-10.gif Mamluk Minbars - Ibn Tulun; Drawing Lajin’s Minbar, 1 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1593281713934-L6N71OL72E4C9H1KKG5P/8-Pt-Ibn-Tulin-Lajin-20-0627-Layout-5.gif Mamluk Minbars - Ibn Tulun; Drawing Lajin’s Minbar, 1 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1593288761167-3XWW716N5V92D5GEGF8Y/8-Pt-Ibn-Tulin-Lajin-20-0627-Layout-14.gif Mamluk Minbars - Ibn Tulun; Drawing Lajin’s Minbar, 1 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1593275435840-0JWNE855L6JT2PS4GJD1/8-Pt-Ibn-Tulin-Lajin-20-0627-Rosette.gif Mamluk Minbars - Ibn Tulun; Drawing Lajin’s Minbar, 1 The Historically Common Layout of the Eight Fold Rosette. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1593286844678-WA0S9C3851M0N8HI46BX/8-Pt-Ibn-Tulin-Lajin-20-0627-Layout-7.gif Mamluk Minbars - Ibn Tulun; Drawing Lajin’s Minbar, 1 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1593288784512-H9KAKSZIKZ3U0SQ51064/8-Pt-Ibn-Tulin-Lajin-20-0627-Layout-15.gif Mamluk Minbars - Ibn Tulun; Drawing Lajin’s Minbar, 1 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1593281606057-TKCMU3JUDPKOYSSVEHMY/8-Pt-Ibn-Tulin-Lajin-20-0627-Layout-2.gif Mamluk Minbars - Ibn Tulun; Drawing Lajin’s Minbar, 1 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1593288696690-2B1LZVITV3IQCZ7DJE99/8-Pt-Ibn-Tulin-Lajin-20-0627-Layout-12.gif Mamluk Minbars - Ibn Tulun; Drawing Lajin’s Minbar, 1 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1593288742402-6PFG0CI3JS5RMKD63131/image-asset.gif Mamluk Minbars - Ibn Tulun; Drawing Lajin’s Minbar, 1 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1593288716341-KIMLKOCLRJO2OAFXURNO/8-Pt-Ibn-Tulin-Lajin-20-0627-Layout-11.gif Mamluk Minbars - Ibn Tulun; Drawing Lajin’s Minbar, 1 https://www.drawingislamicgeometricdesigns.com/minbars/ibn-tulun-drawing-lajins-minbar-2 monthly 0.5 2020-08-14 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1593349067422-I1U4GHX88Y61ZOS58VXQ/8-Pt-Ibn-Tulin-Lajin-20-0628-Layout-7.gif Mamluk Minbars - Ibn Tulun; Drawing Lajin’s Minbar 2 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1593348905352-YQ88H1PVJS73FMJAUSBF/8-Pt-Ibn-Tulin-Lajin-20-0627-Layout-8+Archimedean+Octagon+Sq.gif Mamluk Minbars - Ibn Tulun; Drawing Lajin’s Minbar 2 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1593349153941-CX7EPUKI6YFPHMZ987JN/8-Pt-Ibn-Tulin-Lajin-20-0628-Layout-11.gif Mamluk Minbars - Ibn Tulun; Drawing Lajin’s Minbar 2 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1593349111263-1YIK7HR01VD4Z7B0O0SE/8-Pt-Ibn-Tulin-Lajin-20-0628-Layout-9.gif Mamluk Minbars - Ibn Tulun; Drawing Lajin’s Minbar 2 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1593348981816-4N0MR38F03HG4WTMWXCL/8-Pt-Ibn-Tulin-Lajin-20-0628-Layout-3.gif Mamluk Minbars - Ibn Tulun; Drawing Lajin’s Minbar 2 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1593349002358-ZGKRA0QST30KPQXL4QBA/8-Pt-Ibn-Tulin-Lajin-20-0628-Layout-4.gif Mamluk Minbars - Ibn Tulun; Drawing Lajin’s Minbar 2 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1593348942565-IHQLTTNVUN8S4YCDOV81/8-Pt-Ibn-Tulin-Lajin-20-0628-Layout-1.gif Mamluk Minbars - Ibn Tulun; Drawing Lajin’s Minbar 2 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1593351974063-TWM3VOKRMC4IKNTFJRRF/8-Pt-Ibn-Tulin-Lajin-20-0628-LayoutL-1.gif Mamluk Minbars - Ibn Tulun; Drawing Lajin’s Minbar 2 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1593348961937-6YH3D086XYYIBCOZTJ4S/8-Pt-Ibn-Tulin-Lajin-20-0628-Layout-2.gif Mamluk Minbars - Ibn Tulun; Drawing Lajin’s Minbar 2 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1594670031270-U07CT5DE6LCXFFCBN54G/8-Pt-Ibn-Tulin-Lajin-20-0628-Layout-11.gif Mamluk Minbars - Ibn Tulun; Drawing Lajin’s Minbar 2 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1593349024201-TNOQYMROUGPSA1TAVIUY/8-Pt-Ibn-Tulin-Lajin-20-0628-Layout-5.gif Mamluk Minbars - Ibn Tulun; Drawing Lajin’s Minbar 2 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1594668879502-DCKR61L2CEL88RJ76JC9/Minbar-al-Aqsa-Unkn-LibCongress-Publ-Dom-05897uLo.gif Mamluk Minbars - Ibn Tulun; Drawing Lajin’s Minbar 2 al Aqsa Mosque Minbar of Salah ad-Din. US Library of Congress, American Colony in Jerusalem, Public Domain. Now destroyed. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1593349091910-DJ5GAC9PBI3GOSMSDHFK/8-Pt-Ibn-Tulin-Lajin-20-0628-Layout-8.gif Mamluk Minbars - Ibn Tulun; Drawing Lajin’s Minbar 2 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1593349130921-WCGWLFBUV6IUUJE96OU6/8-Pt-Ibn-Tulin-Lajin-20-0628-Layout-10.gif Mamluk Minbars - Ibn Tulun; Drawing Lajin’s Minbar 2 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1593348879644-Z0U8N7JGPMZUEOCSVP6U/8-Pt-Ibn-Tulin-Lajin-20-0628-Layout-12.gif Mamluk Minbars - Ibn Tulun; Drawing Lajin’s Minbar 2 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1593349045756-TH1COSAJD3K79MGFXV4O/8-Pt-Ibn-Tulin-Lajin-20-0628-Layout-6.gif Mamluk Minbars - Ibn Tulun; Drawing Lajin’s Minbar 2 https://www.drawingislamicgeometricdesigns.com/minbars/ibn-tulun-drawing-lajins-minbar-3 monthly 0.5 2020-08-14 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1595445495971-JAVERIN83LM3E6JX3Q3X/8-Pt-ibn-Tulun-2-2-Rosette-Layout-16-20-0722.gif Mamluk Minbars - Ibn Tulun; Drawing Lajin’s Minbar 3 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1595335364116-WHFXQ8WN6S5XGYDPYMVN/8-Pt-ibn-Tulun-3-3-Grid-9-20-0714.gif Mamluk Minbars - Ibn Tulun; Drawing Lajin’s Minbar 3 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1595444660682-D3QBZY8CPPE03W0ZFK8M/8-Pt-ibn-Tulun-2-2-Rosette-Layout-11-20-0722.gif Mamluk Minbars - Ibn Tulun; Drawing Lajin’s Minbar 3 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1595444590058-GOPZHS1676H63MIS4CZI/8-Pt-ibn-Tulun-2-2-Rosette-Layout-9-20-0722.gif Mamluk Minbars - Ibn Tulun; Drawing Lajin’s Minbar 3 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1594759302447-6YD9BT1IPWV3R4LIV8A3/8-Pt-ibn-Tulun-3-3-Grid-3-20-0714.gif Mamluk Minbars - Ibn Tulun; Drawing Lajin’s Minbar 3 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1594755843598-H0DM4ODRL7RCLQIW5WFX/8-Pt-12-8-Pt-Minbar-Lajin-Layout-2-Flank-Unit-200414.gif Mamluk Minbars - Ibn Tulun; 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Part 1- The Basic Structure - Make it stand out Layout 24 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1628778455142-T1S8XVSQBRPLH9GS3VDE/Text+Layout+32+gr.jpg Islamic Geometric Rosettes: Anthony Lee's Methods. Courses with Ameet Hindocha and Alan D Adams - Drawing the Rosette of Islamic Geometric Art. Part 1- The Basic Structure - Make it stand out Layout 32 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1628708264054-H0225SP61RAGC5KHQ94H/Lees+Ntbk+Nomenclature+Fig+1a+0805.jpg Islamic Geometric Rosettes: Anthony Lee's Methods. Courses with Ameet Hindocha and Alan D Adams - Drawing the Rosette of Islamic Geometric Art. Part 1- The Basic Structure - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1628965255212-IBOHAUL9GG5N6KC3150B/Text+Layout+20+gr+1K.jpg Islamic Geometric Rosettes: Anthony Lee's Methods. Courses with Ameet Hindocha and Alan D Adams - Drawing the Rosette of Islamic Geometric Art. Part 1- The Basic Structure - Make it stand out Layout 20 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1628965379574-GIE3UXWH074OGXYVAI7W/Text+Layout+25+Taper+gr+1K.jpg Islamic Geometric Rosettes: Anthony Lee's Methods. Courses with Ameet Hindocha and Alan D Adams - Drawing the Rosette of Islamic Geometric Art. Part 1- The Basic Structure - Make it stand out Layout 25 Taper https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1628775877098-49LSENYSENUCCOHKHAKS/F4+10+Pt+Rosette+TIling+3.jpg Islamic Geometric Rosettes: Anthony Lee's Methods. Courses with Ameet Hindocha and Alan D Adams - Drawing the Rosette of Islamic Geometric Art. Part 1- The Basic Structure - Make it stand out Fig. 4. Tilings https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1628879519952-OC1I73XFDCSOV6WWSUSB/Summary+9+c+gr.jpg Islamic Geometric Rosettes: Anthony Lee's Methods. Courses with Ameet Hindocha and Alan D Adams - Drawing the Rosette of Islamic Geometric Art. Part 1- The Basic Structure - Make it stand out Layout 43 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1628964887687-YMVM16N4LQ3QE6S0N921/Text+Layout+8+gr+1K.jpg Islamic Geometric Rosettes: Anthony Lee's Methods. Courses with Ameet Hindocha and Alan D Adams - Drawing the Rosette of Islamic Geometric Art. Part 1- The Basic Structure - Make it stand out Layout 8 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1628965272316-3GTEFWPHJA7TL0ZW3KZP/Text+layout+21+gr+1K.jpg Islamic Geometric Rosettes: Anthony Lee's Methods. Courses with Ameet Hindocha and Alan D Adams - Drawing the Rosette of Islamic Geometric Art. Part 1- The Basic Structure - Make it stand out Layout 21 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1628777675801-4BETMIJ964HCQ7VLRGXZ/Text+Layout+31+gr.jpg Islamic Geometric Rosettes: Anthony Lee's Methods. Courses with Ameet Hindocha and Alan D Adams - Drawing the Rosette of Islamic Geometric Art. Part 1- The Basic Structure - Make it stand out Layout 31 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1628710675798-MER2G6B0GU3QK3G9MX6V/Lees+Ntbk+Nomenclature+Fig+15a+0805.jpg Islamic Geometric Rosettes: Anthony Lee's Methods. Courses with Ameet Hindocha and Alan D Adams - Drawing the Rosette of Islamic Geometric Art. Part 1- The Basic Structure - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1628965041858-QUORTFOOM9EXBG24BX5P/Text+Layout+13+gr+1K.jpg Islamic Geometric Rosettes: Anthony Lee's Methods. 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Part 1- The Basic Structure - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1628777294877-7E5KNZF5PII24PQ9KG8N/Text+Layout+26+Taper+gr.jpg Islamic Geometric Rosettes: Anthony Lee's Methods. Courses with Ameet Hindocha and Alan D Adams - Drawing the Rosette of Islamic Geometric Art. Part 1- The Basic Structure - Make it stand out Layout 26 Taper https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1628965411737-6Z57NMDE3GVYMGM0RVFG/Text+Layout+28+Taper+gr+1K.jpg Islamic Geometric Rosettes: Anthony Lee's Methods. Courses with Ameet Hindocha and Alan D Adams - Drawing the Rosette of Islamic Geometric Art. Part 1- The Basic Structure - Make it stand out Layout 28 Taper https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1628965340664-97HTWU94XM97XIZP4BF7/Text+Layout+23+Taper+gr+1K.jpg Islamic Geometric Rosettes: Anthony Lee's Methods. Courses with Ameet Hindocha and Alan D Adams - Drawing the Rosette of Islamic Geometric Art. Part 1- The Basic Structure - Make it stand out Layout 23 Taper https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1628879302985-MA8VDM6G9U6F4F1269GP/Summary+2+c+gr.jpg Islamic Geometric Rosettes: Anthony Lee's Methods. Courses with Ameet Hindocha and Alan D Adams - Drawing the Rosette of Islamic Geometric Art. Part 1- The Basic Structure - Make it stand out Layout 37 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1628710627689-SVE1D68TWIJONY4T1WPX/Lees+Ntbk+Nomenclature+Fig+15+0805.jpg Islamic Geometric Rosettes: Anthony Lee's Methods. Courses with Ameet Hindocha and Alan D Adams - Drawing the Rosette of Islamic Geometric Art. Part 1- The Basic Structure - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1628710758590-ZY9W7RG360361LXHGC2V/Layout+1+gr.jpg Islamic Geometric Rosettes: Anthony Lee's Methods. Courses with Ameet Hindocha and Alan D Adams - Drawing the Rosette of Islamic Geometric Art. Part 1- The Basic Structure - Make it stand out Layout 2. Divisions of the circle for 5 star centers https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1628705366370-KTWH7JG1KNAFNJD6OQD1/F3+10+Pt+Rosette+TIling+1.jpg Islamic Geometric Rosettes: Anthony Lee's Methods. Courses with Ameet Hindocha and Alan D Adams - Drawing the Rosette of Islamic Geometric Art. Part 1- The Basic Structure - Make it stand out Fig 3. 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Courses with Ameet Hindocha and Alan D Adams - Drawing the Rosette of Islamic Geometric Art. Part 1- The Basic Structure - Make it stand out Layout 18 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1628708314650-LMINXJMX62QROVW4G77U/Lees+Ntbk+Nomenclature+Fig+5+7+0805.jpg Islamic Geometric Rosettes: Anthony Lee's Methods. Courses with Ameet Hindocha and Alan D Adams - Drawing the Rosette of Islamic Geometric Art. Part 1- The Basic Structure - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1628705249739-80OS36418CV8DJOPIAP0/F2+Rosette+et+Star+Polygons.jpg Islamic Geometric Rosettes: Anthony Lee's Methods. Courses with Ameet Hindocha and Alan D Adams - Drawing the Rosette of Islamic Geometric Art. Part 1- The Basic Structure - Make it stand out Fig. 2. The Rosette and its Parts. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1628965534896-UC8EOODT05OLXPKX8P6Y/Text+Layout+33+gr+1K.jpg Islamic Geometric Rosettes: Anthony Lee's Methods. Courses with Ameet Hindocha and Alan D Adams - Drawing the Rosette of Islamic Geometric Art. Part 1- The Basic Structure - Make it stand out Layout 33 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1628965234056-9820ROGRK3O7GTFPRMGX/Text+Layout+19+gr+1K.jpg Islamic Geometric Rosettes: Anthony Lee's Methods. Courses with Ameet Hindocha and Alan D Adams - Drawing the Rosette of Islamic Geometric Art. Part 1- The Basic Structure - Make it stand out Layout 19 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1628879332789-US9PI1CCZ2KE3BLSNX3Q/Summary+3+c+gr.jpg Islamic Geometric Rosettes: Anthony Lee's Methods. Courses with Ameet Hindocha and Alan D Adams - Drawing the Rosette of Islamic Geometric Art. Part 1- The Basic Structure - Make it stand out Layout 38 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1628710652150-I6ZX012T25G8T3I2VJ8K/Lees+Ntbk+Nomenclature+Fig+15+dtl+0805.jpg Islamic Geometric Rosettes: Anthony Lee's Methods. Courses with Ameet Hindocha and Alan D Adams - Drawing the Rosette of Islamic Geometric Art. Part 1- The Basic Structure - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ea710e7b2fccd790a40ede6/1629394918646-TULMN8OXF2OJZVGO8K25/Lees+Ntbk+Nomenclature+Fig+8+0819.jpg Islamic Geometric Rosettes: Anthony Lee's Methods. Courses with Ameet Hindocha and Alan D Adams - Drawing the Rosette of Islamic Geometric Art. 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